Análise de isótopos estáveis em ciências forenses: fundamentos teóricos, aplicações e avanços.

Resumo

Os isótopos estáveis constituem importantes traçadores naturais utilizados em estudos ambientais, ecológicos e forenses, pois suas variações refletem processos físicos, químicos e biológicos que ocorrem no ambiente e nos organismos vivos. A análise das razões isotópicas de elementos como carbono, nitrogênio, oxigênio, hidrogênio e enxofre permite investigar dieta, posição trófica, origem geográfica e interações ambientais, enquanto sistemas isotópicos como estrôncio e chumbo fornecem informações relacionadas à assinatura geológica de uma região. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos fundamentos teóricos da análise de isótopos estáveis, incluindo fracionamento isotópico, notação delta e métodos analíticos baseados em espectrometria de massa, bem como discute as principais aplicações dessa técnica nas ciências forenses, com ênfase em estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil. Entre as aplicações destacam-se a rastreabilidade de drogas ilícitas, a determinação da origem geográfica de indivíduos e animais, a autenticação de alimentos e a investigação de crimes ambientais. Também são abordados avanços recentes relacionados ao uso de isoscapes, modelos geoestatísticos e técnicas de aprendizado de máquina, que têm ampliado a capacidade de inferência geográfica e a robustez das interpretações isotópicas. De modo geral, a integração entre diferentes sistemas isotópicos, bases de dados ambientais e ferramentas estatísticas tem consolidado a análise isotópica como uma ferramenta robusta para estudos de proveniência, rastreabilidade e autenticação em contextos forenses.

Palavras-chave

Assinatura isotópica
Isotopia forense
Isoscapes
Proveniência geográfica
Rastreablidade
Isotopic signature
Forensic isotopy
Isoscapes
Geographic provenance
Traceability

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Autor(es)

  • Victor Wilson Botteon,
  • L. C. Reis ,
  • P.B. Camargo ,

    • Victor Wilson Botteon

    Polícia Científica de Santa Catarina

    Perito Criminal Geral do Instituto Geral de Perícias do Estado de Santa Catarina (IGP/SC). Ex-Perito Criminal do Estado de São Paulo. Possui graduação em Bacharelado e Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas pela Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP) e Mestrado em Ciências pelo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, da Universidade de São Paulo (CENA/USP). Autor de publicações científicas nas áreas de Entomologia e Ciências Forenses. Atua como professor de Criminalística e Medicina Legal em cursos preparatórios para concursos públicos.

    L. C. Reis

    P.B. Camargo

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