Análise de isótopos estáveis em ciências forenses: fundamentos teóricos, aplicações e avanços.

Abstract

Os isótopos estáveis constituem importantes traçadores naturais utilizados em estudos ambientais, ecológicos e forenses, pois suas variações refletem processos físicos, químicos e biológicos que ocorrem no ambiente e nos organismos vivos. A análise das razões isotópicas de elementos como carbono, nitrogênio, oxigênio, hidrogênio e enxofre permite investigar dieta, posição trófica, origem geográfica e interações ambientais, enquanto sistemas isotópicos como estrôncio e chumbo fornecem informações relacionadas à assinatura geológica de uma região. Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão dos fundamentos teóricos da análise de isótopos estáveis, incluindo fracionamento isotópico, notação delta e métodos analíticos baseados em espectrometria de massa, bem como discute as principais aplicações dessa técnica nas ciências forenses, com ênfase em estudos desenvolvidos no Brasil. Entre as aplicações destacam-se a rastreabilidade de drogas ilícitas, a determinação da origem geográfica de indivíduos e animais, a autenticação de alimentos e a investigação de crimes ambientais. Também são abordados avanços recentes relacionados ao uso de isoscapes, modelos geoestatísticos e técnicas de aprendizado de máquina, que têm ampliado a capacidade de inferência geográfica e a robustez das interpretações isotópicas. De modo geral, a integração entre diferentes sistemas isotópicos, bases de dados ambientais e ferramentas estatísticas tem consolidado a análise isotópica como uma ferramenta robusta para estudos de proveniência, rastreabilidade e autenticação em contextos forenses.

Literaturhinweise

  1. [1] E.S.B. Ferraz; J.P.H.B. Ometto; L.A. Martinelli; M.Z. Moreira; P.B. Camargo; R.L. Victoria. Desvendando questões ambientais com isótopos estáveis. São Paulo: Oficina de Textos (2009).
  2. [2] T.E. Dawson; R.T.W. Siegwolf. Stable Isotopes as Indicators of Ecological Change. London: Academic Press (2007).
  3. [3] W. Meier-Augenstein. Stable Isotope Forensics: An Introduction to the Forensic Application of Stable Isotope Analysis. Chichester: Wiley (2014).
  4. [4] S. D. Newsome; C. Martinez Del Rio; S. Bearhop; D.L. Phillips. A niche for isotopic ecology. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 5:429-436 (2007).
  5. [5] J.R. Ehleringer; G.J. Bowen; L.A. Chesson; A.G. West; D.W. Podlesak; T.E. Cerling. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios in human hair are related to geography. Proc. Nat.l Acad. Sci. 105:2788-2793 (2008).
  6. [6] J.B. West; G.J. Bowen; T.E. Dawson; K.P. Tu. Isoscapes: Understanding Movement, Pattern and Process on Earth through Isotope Mapping. Dordrecht: Springer (2021).
  7. [7] T.E. Cerling; et al. Forensic stable isotope biogeochemistry. Annu. Re.v Earth Planet Sci. 44:175-206 (2016).
  8. [8] N. Gentile; R.T.W. Siegwolf; P. Esseiva; S. Doyle; K. Zollinger; O. Delémont. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a tool for source inference in forensic science. Forensic Sci Int. 251:139-158 (2015).
  9. [9] M.P.V. Matos; G.P. Jackson. Isotope ratio mass spectrometry in forensic science applications. Forensic Chem. 13:100154 (2019).
  10. [10] L.A. Chesson; et al. Forensic application of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for human identification. Sci. Justice. 64:28-37 (2024).
  11. [11] J. Hoefs. Stable Isotope Geochemistry. 8 ed. Cham: Springer (2018).
  12. [12] B. Fry. Fractionation. In: Fry B. Stable Isotope Ecology. New York: Springer. 194-276 (2006).
  13. [13] T.E. Dawson; P.D. Brooks. Fundamentals of stable isotope chemistry and measurement. In: Unkovich M, editor. Stable Isotope Techniques in the Study of Biological Processes and Functioning of Ecosystems. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic. 1-18 (2001).
  14. [14] T.B. Coplen. New guidelines for reporting stable hydrogen, carbon and oxygen isotope-ratio data. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 60:3359–3360 (1996).
  15. [15] P. Budd; J. Montgomery; J. Evans; C. Chenery. Combined Pb-, Sr- and O-isotope analysis of human dental tissue for the reconstruction of archaeological residential mobility. In: Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry 311–324 (2001).
  16. [16] J.T. Brenna; T.N. Corso; H.J. Tobias; R.J. Caimi. High-precision continuous-flow isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Mass Spectrom Rev. 16:227-258 (1997).
  17. [17] H.J. Tobias; J.T. Brenna. On-line pyrolysis as a limitless reduction source for high-precision isotopic analysis of organic-derived hydrogen. Anal Chem. 69:3148-3152 (1997).
  18. [18] M. Elsner; G. Imfeld. Compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of micropollutants in the environment: current developments and future challenges. Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 41:60-72 (2016).
  19. [19] P.J. Dunn; H. Salouros; J.F. Carter; S.P. Doyle. Forensic application of stable isotope delta values: proposed minimum requirements for method validation. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 31:1476-1480 (2017).
  20. [20] B.J. Peterson; B. Fry. Stable isotopes in ecosystem studies. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 18:293-320 (1987).
  21. [21] S.D. Kelly; K. Heaton; J. Hoogewerff. Tracing the geographical origin of food: the application of multi-element and multi-isotope analysis. Trends in Food Science & Technology 16:555-567 (2005).
  22. [22] F. Camin; M. Perini; G. Colombari; L. Bontempo; G. Versini. Influence of dietary composition on the carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and hydrogen stable isotope ratios of milk. Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 22:1690-1696 (2008).
  23. [23] F. Camin; L. Bontempo; M. Perini; E. Piasentier. Stable isotope ratio analysis for assessing the authenticity of food of animal origin. Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf. 15:868-877 (2016).
  24. [24] L.A. Martinelli; M.C. Piccolo; A.R. Townsend; P.M. Vitousek; E. Cuevas; W. Mcdowell; G.P. Robertson; O.C. Santos; K. Treseder. Nitrogen stable isotopic composition of leaves and soil: tropical versus temperate forests. Biogeochemistry 46(1-3):45-65 (1999).
  25. [25] R.G. Leite; C.A.R.M. Araújo‐Lima; R.L. Victoria; L.A. Martinelli. Stable isotope analysis of energy sources for larvae of eight fish species from the Amazon floodplain. Ecology of Freshwater Fish 11:56-63 (2002). [26] J.A. Bassham; A.A. Benson; L.D. Kay; A.Z. Harris; A.T. Wilson; M. Calvin. The path of carbon in photosynthesis. XXI. The cyclic regeneration of carbon dioxide acceptor. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76:1760-1770 (1954).
  26. [27] M.D. Hatch; C.R. Slack. A new enzyme for the interconversion of pyruvate and phosphopyruvate and its role in the C4 dicarboxylic acid pathway of photosynthesis. Biochem. J. 106:141-146 (1968).
  27. [28] U. Lüttge. Ecophysiology of crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM). Ann. Bot. 93:629-652 (2004).
  28. [29] K. Winter; J.A.M. Holtum. Crassulacean acid metabolism: evolution and ecophysiology. Berlin: Springer (2014).
  29. [30] M.H. O'Leary. Carbon isotope fractionation in plants. Phytochemistry. 20:553-567 (1981).
  30. [31] M.H. O’Leary. Carbon isotopes in photosynthesis. Bioscience 38:328-336 (1988).
  31. [32] G.D. Farquhar; J.R. Ehleringer; K.T. Hubick. Carbon isotope discrimination and photosynthesis. Annu. Rev. Plant. Physiol. Plant Mol. Biol. 40:503-537 (1989).
  32. [33] B.N. Smith; S. Epstein. Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiol. 47:380-384 (1971).
  33. [34] M.J. DeNiro; S. Epstein. Influence of diet on the distribution of carbon isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta. 42:495-506 (1978).
  34. [35] R. Hood-Nowotny; B. Knols. Stable isotope methods in biological and ecological studies of arthropods. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 124:3-16 (2007).
  35. [36] C. Kendall; J.J. McDonnell. Isotope tracers in catchment hydrology. Amsterdam: Elsevier (1998).
  36. [37] M.J. DeNiro; S. Epstein. Influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45:341-351 (1981).
  37. [38] M. Minagawa; E. Wada. Stepwise enrichment of 15N along food chains. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48:1135-1140 (1984).
  38. [39] D.M. Post. Using stable isotopes to estimate trophic position: models, methods and assumptions. Ecology 83:703-718 (2002).
  39. [40] M.J. Vander Zanden; J.B. Rasmussen. Variation in δ15N and δ13C trophic fractionation. Limnol. Oceanogr. 46:2061-2066 (2001).
  40. [41] M.J. Vander Zanden; M.K. Clayton; E.K. Moody EK; C.T. Solomon; B.C. Weidel. Stable isotope turnover and half-life in animal tissues: A Literature Synthesis PLoS ONE 10:e0116182 (2015).
  41. [42] A.D. Santi-Júnior; V.W. Botteon; T. Mastrangelo; M.Z. Moreira. Trophic ecology of citrus pests based on stable isotope analysis. Scientia Agricola 75(6):504-508 (2018).
  42. [43] A.A. Levinson; B. Luz; Y. Kolodny. Variations in oxygen isotopic compositions of human teeth and urinary stones. Applied Geochemistry 2:367-371 (1987).
  43. [44] G.J. Bowen; L.I. Wassenaar; K.A. Hobson. Global application of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes to wildlife forensics. Oecologia 143:337-348 (2005).
  44. [45] C.D. Kennedy; G.J. Bowen; J.R. Ehleringer. Temporal variation of oxygen isotope ratios (δ18O) in drinking water: Implications for specifying location of origin with human scalp hair. Forensic Sci. Int. 208:156-166 (2011).
  45. [46] I. Fraser; W. Meier-Augenstein; R.M. Kalin. The role of stable isotopes in human identification: a longitudinal study into the variability of isotopic signals in human hair and nails. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 20:1109-1116 (2006).
  46. [47] F. Hülsemann; et al. Global spatial distributions of nitrogen and carbon stable isotope ratios of modern human hair. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 29:2111-2121 (2015).
  47. [48] L.O. Valenzuela; L.A. Chesson; G.J. Bowen; T.E. Cerling; J.R. Ehleringer. Dietary heterogeneity among western industrialized countries reflected in stable isotope ratios of human hair. PLoS ONE 7:e34234 (2012).
  48. [49] M.P. Richards; B.T. Fuller; R.E.M. Hedges. Sulphur isotopic variation in ancient bone collagen from Europe: implications for human palaeodiet, residence mobility, and modern pollutant studies. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 191:185-190 (2001).
  49. [50] O. Nehlich. The application of sulphur isotope analyses in archaeological research: a review. Earth Sci. Rev. 142:1-17 (2015).
  50. [51] J.P. Sena-Souza; F.J.V. Costa; T.B. Kisaka; V.E. Costa; R.O. Mascarenhas; E.A. Mazzi; M.G. Araújo; A.C.G. Batista; L.A. Martinelli; G.B. Nardoto, G. B. Spatial variation of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in tap water in Brazil. The Science of the Total Environment 991:179952 (2025).
  51. [52] L.A. Martinelli; et al. Isotope fingerprinting for traceability in the amazon bioeconomy: A Bayesian assignment approach with açaí. Trees, Forests and People 24:101207 (2026).
  52. [53] M.G. Silva Araújo; et al. Evaluating an isotopic model for tracing the geographic origin of soybeans in Brazil. Food Chemistry 501:147586 (2026).
  53. [54] K.G. Silva; M.Z. Moreira; A.V. Oliveira Figueira; L.A. Martinelli; P.B. Camargo. Stable isotope profiling and machine learning for determining cocoa origin, ingredient composition, and cocoa content in Brazilian chocolates. Food Chemistry 499:147313 (2026).
  54. [55] I.M. Souza-Silva; et al. Machine-learning models of δ13C and δ15N isoscapes in Amazonian wood. Biogeosciences 23(3):881–904 (2026).
  55. [56] L.A Martinelli, L. A.; et al. Bioavailable strontium isoscape for the Amazon region using tree wood. Forest Ecology and Management 594:122963 (2025).
  56. [57] L.C.R. Pessenda; R. Aravena; A.J. Melfi; E.C.C. Telles; R. Boulet; E.P.E. Valencia; M. Tomazello. The use of carbon isotopes (13C, 14C) in soil to evaluate vegetation changes during the Holocene in central Brazil. Radiocarbon 38(2):191-201 (1996).
  57. [58] A.S. Carrijo; A.C. Pezzato; C. Ducatti; J.R. Sartori; L. Trinca; E.T. Silva. Traceability of bovine meat and bone meal in poultry by stable isotope analysis. Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola 8:63-68 (2006).
  58. [59] E. Vidotto; L.C.R. Pessenda; A.D.S. Ribeiro; H.A.D. Freitas; J.A. Bendassolli. Dinâmica do ecótono floresta-campo no sul do estado do Amazonas no Holoceno, através de estudos isotópicos e fitossociológicos. Acta Amazônica 37(3): 385-400 (2007).
  59. [60] S. Ana Filho; J.A. Bendassolli; A.L.R.M. Rossete; S.M.S. Piedade; C.V. Prestes. Production of 15N-enriched nitric acid (H15NO3). Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering 25(4):743-749 (2008).
  60. [61] V.E. Costa; E.T. da Silva; E.M. Bruder; C. A. Ducatti; M.A. Rodrigues. Uso de Isótopos Estáveis para detecção de infecção por Helicobacter pylori em humanos no Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Física Médica 7(3):191-194 (2013).
  61. [62] C. A. Ducatti; M.M.P. Sartori; J.C. Denadai; V.E. Costa; V.C. Pelícia; M. Macari. Modelling and determination of metabolic pools by stable carbon isotopes in the avian duodenal mucosa and albumen. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 100:77-84 (2016).
  62. [63] F.G. Augusto; M. Tassoni Filho; A. Ferreira; A.L. Pereira; P.B. Camargo; L.A. Martinelli. Land use change in the Atlantic Forest affects carbon and nitrogen sources of streams as revealed by the isotopic composition of terrestrial invertebrates. Biota Neotropica 15(2): e20140188 (2015).
  63. [64] J. Robinet; et al. Impacts of forest conversion and agriculture practices on water pathways in Southern Brazil. Hydrological Processes 32(15):2304-2317 (2018)
  64. [65] J.R. Mallette; J.F. Casale; L.M. Jones; D.R. Morello. The isotopic fractionation of carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, and oxygen during illicit production of cocaine base in South America. Forensic Sci Int. 270:255-260 (2017).
  65. [66] J.R. Ehleringer; J.F. Casale; M.J. Lott; V.L. Ford. Tracing the geographical origin of cocaine. Nature 408(6810):311-312 (2000).
  66. [67] T. Matsumoto; et al. Evaluation of characteristic deuterium distributions of ephedrines and methamphetamines by NMR spectroscopy for drug profiling. Anal Chem. 80(4):1176-1181 (2008).
  67. [68] E.K. Shibuya; et al. Sourcing Brazilian marijuana by applying IRMS analysis to seized samples. Forensic Sci. Int. 160:35-43 (2006).
  68. [69] E.K. Shibuya; J.E.S. Sarkis; O. Negrini-Neto; L.A. Martinelli. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes as indicative of geographical origin of marijuana samples seized in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). Forensic Sci. Int. 167(1):8-15 (2007).
  69. [70] E. Taylor; J.F. Carter; J.C. Hill; C. Morton; N. Nic Daeid; R. Sleeman. Stable isotope ratio mass spectrometry and physical comparison for the forensic examination of grip-seal plastic bags. Forensic Sci. Int. 177(2-3):214-220 (2008).
  70. [71] H.W. Kreuzer; J.B. West; J.R. Ehleringer. Forensic applications of light-element stable isotope ratios of Ricinus communis seeds and ricin preparations. J. Forensic Sci. 58(Suppl1):S43-S51 (2012).
  71. [72] T. Piper; C. Emery; M. Saugy. Recent developments in the use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2011;401(2):433-447. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-011-4886-6
  72. [73] G.B. Nardoto; et al. Geographical patterns of human diet derived from stable-isotope analysis of fingernails. Am J Phys Anthropol. 131(1):137-146 (2006).
  73. [74] J.G. Gragnani; et al. Can stable isotope analysis reveal dietary differences among groups with distinct income levels in the city of Piracicaba (southeast region, Brazil)? J. Hum. Nutr. Diet. 27(3):270-279 (2014).
  74. [75] T.C. O'Connell; R.E.M. Hedges; M.A. Healey; A.H.R.W. Simpson. Isotopic comparison of hair, nail and bone: modern analyses. J. Archaeol. Sci. 28(11):1247-1255 (2001).
  75. [76] E. Rauch; S. Rummel; C. Lehn; A. Büttner. Origin assignment of unidentified corpses by use of stable isotope ratios of light (bio-) and heavy (geo-) elements - a case report. Forensic Sci. Int. 168(2-3):215-218 (2007).
  76. [77] C.A. Makarewicz; J. Sealy. Dietary reconstruction, mobility, and the analysis of ancient skeletal tissues: expanding the prospects of stable isotope research in archaeology. J. Archaeol. Sci. 56:146-158 (2015).
  77. [78] M.Q. Bastos; et al. Isotopic study of geographic origins and diet of enslaved Africans buried in two Brazilian cemeteries. J. Archaeol. Sci. 70:82-90 (2016).
  78. [79] K.A. Hobson. Tracing origins and migration of wildlife using stable isotopes: a review. Oecologia 120(3):314-326 (1999).
  79. [80] S. Bearhop; R.W. Furness; G.M. Hilton; S.C. Votier; S. Waldron. A forensic approach to understanding diet and habitat use from stable isotope analysis of (avian) claw material. Funct. Ecol. 17(2):270-275 (2003).
  80. [81] N.J. Van der Merwe; et al. Source-area determination of elephant ivory by isotopic analysis. Nature 346:744-746 (1990).
  81. [82] J.C. Vogel; B. Eglington; J.M. Auret. Isotope fingerprints in elephant bone and ivory. Nature 346:747-749 (1990).
  82. [83] L. Brasileiro; R.R. Mayrink; A.C. Pereira; F.J.V. Costa; G.B. Nardoto. Differentiating wild from captive animals: an isotopic approach. PeerJ. 11:e16460 (2023).
  83. [84] V.W. Botteon; M.D.L.Z. Costa; A. Kovaleski; L.A. Martinelli; T. Mastrangelo. Can stable isotope markers be used to distinguish wild and mass-reared Anastrepha fraterculus flies? PLoS One 13(12):e0209921 (2018).
  84. [85] A. Rossmann. Determination of stable isotope ratios in food analysis. Food Rev. Int. 17(3):347-381 (2001).
  85. [86] H. Liu; et al. A review of recent compound-specific isotope analysis studies applied to food authentication. Food Chem. 415:135791 (2003).
  86. [87] L.A. Martinelli; et al. Worldwide stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes of Big Mac® patties: an example of a truly “glocal” food. Food Chem. 127(4):1712-1718 (2011).
  87. [88] G.J. Padovan; D. De Jong; L.P. Rodrigues; J.S. Marchini. Detection of adulteration of commercial honey samples by the 13C/12C isotopic ratio. Food Chem. 82(4):633-636 (2003).
  88. [89] A.B. Santos; C.L. Moura; L.B. Camara. Determinação da autenticidade dos méis vendidos nas feiras livres e comércios populares. Brazilian Educational Technology: Research and Learning 2(3):135-147 (2011).
  89. [90] L.A. Martinelli; et al. Stable carbon isotopic composition of the wine and CO2 bubbles of sparkling wines: detecting C4 sugar additions. J. Agric Food Chem. 51(9):2625-2631 (2003).
  90. [91] E.C. Queiroz; C. Ducatti; W.G. Venturini Filho; E.T. Silva; T. Nojimoto. Determinação da razão isotópica delta 13C em bebidas comerciais a base de laranja. Cienc. Agrotecnol. 33(4):1085-1094 (2009).
  91. [92] S.F. Mardegan; et al. Stable carbon isotopic composition of Brazilian beers - A comparison between large- and small-scale breweries. J. Food Compos Anal. 29(1):52-57 (2013).
  92. [93] M. Sleiman; W.G. Venturini Filho; C. Ducatti; T. Nojimoto. Determinação do percentual de malte e adjuntos em cervejas comerciais brasileiras através de análise isotópica. Cienc. Agrotecnol. 34(1):163-172 (2010).
  93. [94] M.C. Morais; T.A. Pellegrinetti; L.C. Sturion; T.M.S. Sattolo; L.A. Martinelli. Stable carbon isotopic composition indicates large presence of maize in Brazilian soy sauces (shoyu). J. Food Compos Anal. 70:18-21 (2018).
  94. [95] L.A. Galera; A.L. Abdalla Filho; L.S. Reis; J.L. Souza; Y.A. Hernandez; L.A. Martinelli. Carbon and nitrogen isotopic composition of commercial dog food in Brazil. PeerJ. 7:e5828 (2019).
  95. [96] R. O'Sullivan; R. Cama-Moncunill; M. Salter-Townshend; O. Schmidt; F.J. Monahan. Verifying origin claims on dairy products using stable isotope ratio analysis and random forest classification. Food Chem X. 19:100858 (2023).
  96. [97] R.B. Coffin; P.H. Miyares; C.A. Kelley; L.A. Cifuentes; C.M. Reynolds. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of TNT: two-dimensional source identification. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 20(12):2676-2680 (2001).
  97. [98] R.P. Philp. The emergence of stable isotopes in environmental and forensic geochemistry studies: a review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 5:57-66 (2007).
  98. [99] J.G. Wiederhold. Metal stable isotope signatures as tracers in environmental geochemistry. Environ. Sci. Technol. 49(5):2606-2624 (2015).
  99. [100] S.J. Benson; C.J. Lennard; P. Maynard; D.M. Hill; A.S. Andrew; C. Roux. Forensic analysis of explosives using isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-discrimination of ammonium nitrate sources. Sci Justice. 49(2):73-80 (2009).
  100. [101] N. Gentile; R.T.W. Siegwolf; O. Delémont. Study of isotopic variations in black powder: reflections on the use of stable isotopes in forensic science for source inference. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 23(16):2559-2567 (2009).
  101. [102] A. Zeichner; S. Ehrlich; E. Shoshani; L. Halicz. Application of lead isotope analysis in shooting incident investigations. Forensic Sci Int. 158(1):52-64 (2006).
  102. [103] W. Meier-Augenstein; H.F. Kemp; E.R. Schenk; J.R. Almirall. Discrimination of unprocessed cotton on the basis of geographic origin using multi-element stable isotope signatures. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 28(5):545-552 (2014).
  103. [104] L.A. Chesson; B.J. Tipple; J.E. Barnette; T.E. Cerling; J.R. Ehleringer. The potential for application of ink stable isotope analysis in questioned document examination. Sci Justice 55(1):27-33 (2015).
  104. [105] L.J. Reidy; W. Meier-Augenstein; R.M. Kalin. 13C-Isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a potential tool for the forensic analysis of white architectural paint: a preliminary study. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom. 19(13):1899-1905 (2005).
  105. [106] M.P.V. Matos; K.I. Konstantynova; R.M. Mohr; G.P. Jackson. Analysis of the 13C isotope ratios of amino acids in the larvae, pupae and adult stages of Calliphora vicina blow flies and their carrion food sources. Anal Bioanal Chem. 410(30):7943-7954 (2018).
  106. [107] L.A. Martinelli; et al. Carbon and nitrogen isotope ratios of food and beverage in Brazil. Molecules 25(6):1457 (2020).
  107. [108] R.O. Mascarenhas; et al. Building an isoscape based on tooth enamel for human provenance estimation in Brazil. Forensic Science International 330:111109 (2022).
  108. [109] G.B. Nardoto; R.R. Mayrink; C.B. Barbieri; F.J.V. Costa. Isótopos Forenses. Campinas: Millennium Editora (2022).
Creative-Commons-Lizenz
Dieses Werk steht unter der Lizenz Creative Commons Namensnennung - Nicht-kommerziell - Weitergabe unter gleichen Bedingungen 4.0 International. Copyright (c) 2026 Revista Brasileira de Criminalística

Teilen

Salvar em favoritos

Herunterladen

pdf (Português (Brasil))

Autor(en)

  • Victor Wilson Botteon,
  • L. C. Reis ,
  • P.B. Camargo ,

    • Victor Wilson Botteon

    Polícia Científica de Santa Catarina

    Perito Criminal Geral do Instituto Geral de Perícias do Estado de Santa Catarina (IGP/SC). Ex-Perito Criminal do Estado de São Paulo. Possui graduação em Bacharelado e Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas pela Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo (ESALQ/USP) e Mestrado em Ciências pelo Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura, da Universidade de São Paulo (CENA/USP). Autor de publicações científicas nas áreas de Entomologia e Ciências Forenses. Atua como professor de Criminalística e Medicina Legal em cursos preparatórios para concursos públicos.

    L. C. Reis

    P.B. Camargo

Am häufigsten gelesenen Artikel dieser/dieses Autor/in