Chemical Characterization by GC–MS of E-liquids and Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems Seized by the Forensic Police of Joinville, SC, and Theoretical Assessment of Risks to Human Health

Abstract

This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) and e-liquids seized by the Forensic Police of Joinville/SC, theoretically assessing the potential health risks associated with their use. A total of 170 samples were analyzed, including 71 disposable devices and 99 e-liquids, using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). More than 160 compounds were identified, including nicotine, glycerin, propylene glycol, benzoic acid, ethyl maltol, vanillin, and several flavoring agents. The presence of substances such as acetoin, benzyl alcohol, benzaldehyde, menthol, and eugenol indicates potential toxicological risk, especially due to the formation of degradation products during heating. Discrepancies were found between the information declared on the labels and the analytical results, with nicotine detected in products labeled as “nicotine-free.” Furthermore, the high frequency of benzoic acid indicates the widespread use of nicotine salts, which increases absorption and dependence potential. Although these devices contain lower concentrations of carcinogenic compounds than conventional cigarettes, ENDS are not risk-free and may cause respiratory, neurological, and cardiovascular adverse effects. These findings reinforce the need for stricter regulation, effective surveillance and public awareness regarding the risks associated with the use of such devices. 

Keywords

Electronic nicotine delivery systems
E-liquids
Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry
Toxicology
Public health
Dispositivos electrónicos para fumar
Líquidos electrónicos
Cromatografía de gases–espectrometría de masas
Toxicología
Salud pública
Dispositivos eletrônicos para fumar
E-líquidos
Cromatografia gasosa–espectrometria de massas
Toxicologia
Saúde pública

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