Detección Analítica de Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas en Muestras Biológicas: Una Revisión Sistemática

Resumen

Las Nuevas Sustancias Psicoactivas (NSP) representan un desafío analítico significativo debido a su diversidad estructural y a su rápida aparición en el mercado de drogas. Ante este escenario, el presente trabajo tuvo como objetivo revisar sistemáticamente los principales métodos analíticos validados recientemente para la identificación de NSP en matrices biológicas, además de las técnicas de preparación de muestras asociadas.

La revisión se llevó a cabo siguiendo las directrices PRISMA-S, con selección de estudios basada en criterios de inclusión y exclusión predefinidos, resultando en el análisis de 73 artículos. Entre las matrices biológicas analizadas, la sangre y la orina fueron las más recurrentes, siendo la extracción en fase sólida el método de preparación de muestras más utilizado. También se observó una tendencia creciente hacia procedimientos de preparación más rápidos, simples y con menor toxicidad (reducción en el consumo de solventes tóxicos).

En cuanto a las técnicas analíticas, la cromatografía líquida acoplada a espectrometría de masas de alta resolución, empleando especialmente columnas C18, se destacó por su selectividad y especificidad. Respecto a las clases de NSP, los estimulantes fueron los más frecuentes.

Por lo tanto, considerando los resultados presentados en esta revisión, es fundamental destacar que no existe un método único ideal para la identificación de NSP. Dada la constante modificación estructural de estas sustancias, frecuentemente se requiere un enfoque combinado, utilizando diferentes herramientas analíticas. Además, la actualización continua de las técnicas por parte de las autoridades es esencial para acompañar la evolución de estos compuestos.

Palabras clave

analytical method; validation; drug analysis; biological matrices; forensic toxicology
Método Analítico; Validación; Análisis de Drogas; Matrices Biológicas; Toxicología Forense
Método Analítico; Validação; Análise de Drogas; Matrizes Biológicas; Toxicologia Forense

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