Abordagem sobre o monitoramento de novas substâncias psicoativas em águas residuais: uma revisão de literatura


Περίληψη

Informações epidemiológicas relevantes sobre o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas podem ser obtidas a partir da epidemiologia baseada em águas residuais. Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo verificar o consumo de novas substâncias psicoativas de acordo com dados obtidos na literatura, assim como as amostragens das águas residais, os biomarcadores e os métodos analíticos utilizados nas análises. Foram incluídos 47 artigos publicados entre 2014 e 2024, selecionados a partir da base de dados Pubmed, utilizando como palavras-chave: wastewater-based epidemiology and new psychoactive substances. Demais artigos foram utilizados para complementar na discussão dos resultados, os quais foram pesquisados também em outras bases de dados, como: Scielo e Google Acadêmico. Foi possível verificar que o grupo de novas substâncias psicoativas das catinonas sintéticas e das fenetilaminas foram os mais estudados. A extração em fase sólida foi o método mais utilizado como preparo de amostras e como método analítico, destacou-se a cromatografia em fase líquida acoplada ao espectrômetro de massas em tandem. Notou-se a importância de analisar os metabólitos como biomarcadores, no entanto, na maioria das vezes foram utilizadas as substâncias parentais para as novas substâncias psicoativas. Conclui-se que a Wastewater Based Epidemiology é uma ferramenta eficaz para o monitoramento do uso de novas substâncias psicoativas, sendo possível observar os padrões de consumo em uma determinada população. No entanto, o desenvolvimento contínuo de técnicas analíticas e a identificação de biomarcadores específicos são essenciais para melhorar a detecção e a compreensão do consumo destas substâncias por determinada população.


Αναφορές

  1. M.A Yonamine Saliva como espécime biológico para monitorar o uso de álcool, anfetamina, metanfetamina, cocaína e maconha por motoristas profissionais. Tese, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas – Universidade de São Paulo. São Paulo (2004).
  2. I. Campestrini; W.F. Jardim. Occurrence of cocaine and benzoylecgonine in drinking and source water in the São Paulo State region, Brazil. Science of the total environment 576: 374–380 (2017).
  3. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2015). Early Warning Advisory on NPS, 2015. Retirado em 12/07/2023, de https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Page/NPS
  4. GDS – Global Drug Survey 2021. Retirado em 12/07/2023, de https://www.globaldrugsurvey.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/Report2021_global.pdf
  5. European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). European Drug Report 2019: Trends and Developments. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxemburgo, 2019. Retirado em 12/07/2023, de https://www.emcdda.europa.eu/publications/edr/trends-developments/2019_en
  6. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP) – Polícia Federal (PF). Drogas sintéticas – Relatório 2018. 2018. Retirado em 15/09/2024, de https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/relatorio-de-quimica-forense/relatorio-de-quimica-forense-2018/drogas_sinteticas_2018.pdf
  7. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP) – Polícia Federal (PF). Drogas sintéticas – Relatório 2020. 2020. Retirado em 15/09/2024, de https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/relatorio-de-quimica-forense/relatorio-de-quimica-forense-2020/relatorio_drogas_sinteticas_2020.pdf
  8. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2016). World Drug Report 2016. Retirado em 10/06/2023, de <http://www.unodc.org/wdr2016/
  9. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2015). Early Warning Advisory on NPS, 2015. Retirado em 03/03/2023, de https://www.unodc.org/LSS/Page/NPS
  10. BRASIL. Fentanil: caracterização e presença no Brasil. 4° Informe do Sistema de Alerta Rápido sobre Drogas (SAR). Maio de 2023. Retirado em 21/05/2023, de https://www.gov.br/mj/pt-br/assuntos/sua-protecao/politicas-sobre-drogas/subsistema-de-alerta-rapido-sobre-drogas-sar/4o_informe_sar-02-05-2023.pdf
  11. ANVISA, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Relatório de Atividades 2017/2018. Grupo de Trabalho para Classificação de Substâncias Controladas. Portaria n° 898/2015. Diário Oficial da União. n° 150, seção 2, p. 37. 2019.
  12. R. Bulcão; S.C. Garcia; R.P. Limberger; M. Baierle; M.D. Arbo; A.A.M. Chasin; F.V. Thiesen; R. Tavares. Designer drugs: aspectos analíticos e biológicos. Quim. Nova 35: 149-158 (2012).
  13. EUROPEAN UNION DRUGS AGENCY (EMCDDA). Assessing illicit drugs in wastewater: advances in wastewater-based drug epidemiology. Officie for Official Publications of the European Communities, Lisbon, Luxembourg, 2016. Retirado em 03/12/2024, de https://www.euda.europa.eu/publications/insights/assessing-drugs-in-wastewater_en
  14. K.J. Bisceglia; G. Kroening; B. Subedi. GC-MS methods for monitoring illicit drug biomarkers in wastewater: a critical review. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Estimation of Community Consumption of Drugs and Diets. ACS Symposium Series 1319: 51-77 (2019).
  15. F. Hermández; S. Castiglioni; A Covaci; P. Voogt; E. Emke; B. Kasprzyk-hordern; O. Christoph; M. Reid; J. Sancho; K.V. Thomas; A.L.N. van Nuijs; E. Zuccato; L. Bijlsma. Mass spectrometric strategies for the investigation of biomarkers of illicit drug use in wastewater. Mass Spectrom. Rev. 42: 144-188 (2018).
  16. R. Bade; M. Ghetia; L. Nguyen; B.J. Tscharke; J.M. White; C. Gerber. Simultaneous determination of 24 opioids, stimulants and new psychoactive sbstances in wastewater. MethodsX 6: 953-960 (2019).
  17. CONSELHO REGIONAL DE FARMÁCIA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO. Grupo Técnico de Trabalho de Toxicologia do CRF-SP. Informe técnico sobre substâncias contaminantes na água potável. 2022. Retirado em 23/07/2022, de http://www.crfsp.org.br/images/informe_tecnico_substancias_aguapotavel.pdf
  18. C.C. Souza; S.F. Aquino; S.Q. Silva. Ensaios toxicológicos aplicados à análise de água contaminadas por fármacos. Eng. Sanit. Ambient. 25: 217-228 (2020).
  19. R.Y. Krishnan; S. Manikandan; R. Subbaiya; M. Biruntha; R. Balachandar; N. Karmegam. Origin, transport and ecological risk assessment of illicit drugs in the environment – A review. Chemosphere 311: 1-13, (2023).
  20. C. Chen; C. Guo; Z. Sol; J. Xu. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and toxicological effect of drugs of abuse in aquatic ecosustem: A review. Environmental Research 200: 1-15 (2021).
  21. S. Castiglioni; L. Bijisma; A. Covaci; E. Emke; F. Hernández; M. Reid. Evaluation of uncertainties associated with the determination of community drug use through the measurement of sewage drug biomarkers. Environ. Sci. Technol 47: 1452-1460 (2013).
  22. E.G. Campos; E.C.P. De Martinis; B.S. De Martinis. Forensic analysis of illicit drugs and novel psychoactive substances in wastewater: a review of toxicological, chemical and microbiological aspects. Brasilian Journal of Analytical Chemistry 9: 15-34 (2022).
  23. N. Bishop; T. Jones-lepp; M. Margetts; J. Sykes; D. Alvarez; D.E. Keil. Wastewater-based epidemiology pilot study to examine drug use in Western United States. Sci. Total Environ. 25: 1-8 (2020).
  24. E. Daghir; M.J. Markuszewski. Disposition of Drugs of abuse and Their Metabolites in Wastewater as a Method of the Estimation of Drug Consumption. Current Drug Metabolism 11: 629-638 (2010).
  25. E.G. Campos; O.G.G. Almeida; B.S. De Martinis; E.C.P. De Martinis. Cocaíne esterase occurence in global wastewater microbiomes and potential for biotransformation of novel psychoactive substances. Environmental microbiology reports 14 98-109 (2022).
  26. A.S.C. Löve; V. Ásgrímsson; K. Ólafsdóttir. Illicit drug use in Reykajavik by wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of the Total Environment 83: 1-9, (2022).
  27. F.F. Sodré; R.S. Feitosa; W.F. Jardim; A.O. Maldaner. Wastewater-Based Epidemiology of Cocaine in the Brazilian Federal District: Spatial Distribution, Weekly Variation and Sample Preservation Strategies. J. Braz. Chem. Soc 29: 2287 – 2298 (2018).
  28. E. Gracia-lor; N.I. Rousis; E. Zuccato; S. Castiglioni. Monitoring caffeine and nicotine use in a nationwide study in Italy using wastewater-based epidemiology. Science of The Total Environment 747: 1-8 (2020).
  29. C. Davidson. New psychoactive substances. Progress in Neuro- Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry. 39: 219-220 (2012).
  30. M. Coppola; R. Mondola. Research chemicals marketed as legal highs: the case of pipradrol derivatives. Toxicology Letters 212: 57-60 (2012).
  31. J.L. Costa; R. Lanaro; S.O.S. Cazenave. Drogas sintéticas. In: S. Oga, M.M.A. Camargo, J.A.O. Batistuzzo. Fundamentos de Toxicologia. São Paulo: Editora Atheneu, Cap. 4.11, p. 459 – 475 (2014).
  32. ANVISA, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Relatório de Atividades 2017/2018. Grupo de Trabalho para Classificação de Substâncias Controladas. Portaria n° 898/2015. Diário Oficial da União. n° 150, seção 2, p. 37. 2019. Retirado em 10/10/2024, de https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/medicamentos/controlados/novas-substancias/arquivos/6669json-file-1
  33. M.P. Souza; L.N.B. Costa; J.J. Zacca. Análises de Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP). In: A.T. Bruni; J.A. Velho; M.F. Oliveira. Fundamentos de Química Forense. 2. Ed. Campinas: Millennium Editora. Cap. 4, p. 57-71 (2019).
  34. M.J. Reid; J.A. Baz-lomba; Y. Ryu; K.V. Thomas. Using biomarkers in wastewater to monitor community drug use: A conceptual approach for dealing with new psychoactive substances. Science of the Total Environment 487: 651-658 (2014).
  35. L. Kankaanpãã; K. Ariniemi; M. Heinonen; K. Kuoppasalmi; T. Gunnar. Use of illicit stimulant drugs in Finland: A wastewater study in ten major cities. Science of the Total Environment. 487: 696-702, 2014.
  36. J. Kinyua; A. Covaci; W. Maho; A.K. Mccall; H. Neels; A.L.N. Van Nuijs. Sewage-based epidemiology in monitoring the use of new psychoactive substances: validation and application of an analytical method using LC-MS/MS. Drug Testing and Analysis 7: 812-818 (2015).
  37. S. Castiglioni; A. Borsotti; I. Senta; E. Zuccato. Wastewater analysis to monitor spatial and temporal patterns of use of two synthetic recreational drugs, ketamine and mephedrone, in Italy. Environmental Science & Technology. 49: 5563-5570 (2015).
  38. V.L. Borova; P. Gago-Ferrero; C. Pistos; N.S. Thomaidis. Multi-residue determination of 10 selected new psychoactive substances in wastewater samples by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 144: 592-609 (2015).
  39. I. González-Mariño; E. Gracia-Lor; N. Rousis; E. Castrignanò; K.V. Thomas; J.B. Quintana; B. Kasprzyk-Hordem; E. Zuccato; S. Castiglioni. Wastewater-based epidemiology to monitor synthetic Cathinones use in Different European Countries. Environmental Science & Technology 50: 10089−10096 (2016).
  40. M. Andrés-Costa; V. Andreu; Y. Picó. Analysis of psychoactive substances in water by information dependent acquisition on a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Journal of Chromatography A 1461: 98-106 (2016).
  41. R. Bade; L. Bijlma; J.V. Sancho; J.A. Baz-Lomba; S. Castiglioni; E. Castrignano; A. Causanilles; Gracia-Lor; B. Kasprzyk-Hordern; J. Kinyua; A.K. Mccall; A.L.N. Van Nuijs; C. Ort; B.G. Plósz; P. Ramin; N.L. Rousis; Y. Ryu; K.V. Thomas; P. Voogt; E. Zuccato; F. Hernández. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry determination of synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines in influent wastewater of eight European cities. Chemosphere 168: 1032-1041 (2017).
  42. T. Gao; P. Du; Z. Xu; X. Li. Occurrence of new psychoactive substances in wastewater of major Chinese cities. Science of the Total Environment 575: 963-960 (2017).
  43. A. Causanilles; J. Kinyua; C. Ruttkies; A.L.N. Van Nuijs; E. Emke; A. Covaci; P. Voogt. Qualitative screening for new psychoactive substances in wastewater collected during a city festival using liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry. Chemosphere 184: 1186-1193 (2017).
  44. A. Causanilles; C. Ruepert; M. Ibáñez; E. Emke; F. Hernández; P. Voogt. Occurrence and fate of illicit drugs and pharmaceuticals in wastewater from two wastewater treatment plants in Costa Rica. Science of the Total Environment 599-600: 98-107 (2017).
  45. E. Archer; E. Castrignanò; B. Kasprzyk-Hordem; G.M. Wolfaardt. Wastewater-based epidemiology and enantiomeric profiling for drugs of abuse in South African wastewaters. Science of the Total Environment 625: 792-800 (2018).
  46. R. Bade; B.J. Tscharke; J.M. White; S. Grant; J.F. Mueller; J. O’Brien; K.V. Thomas; C. Gerber. LC-HRMS suspect screening to show spatial patterns of New Psychoactive Substances use in Australia. Science of the Total Environment 650: 2181-2187 (2019).
  47. R. Bade; P. Stockham; B. Painter; A. Celma; Bijlsma; F. Hernandez; J.M. White; C. Gerber. Investigating the appearance of new psychoactive substances in South Australia using wastewater and forensic data. Drug Test Anal 11: 250-256 (2019).
  48. A. Celma; J.V. Sancho; N. Salgueiro-González; S. Castiglioni; E. Zuccato; F. Hernández; L. Bijlsma. Simultaneous determination of new psychoactive substances and illicit drugs in sewage: Potential of micro-liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry in wastewater-based epidemiology. Journal of Chromatography A 1602: 300-309 (2019).
  49. R. Bade; M. Ghetia; L. Nguyen; B. Tscharke; J.M. White; C. Gerber. Simultaneous determination of 24 opioids, stimulants and new psychoactive substances in wastewater. MethodsX 6: 953-960 (2019).
  50. K. Diamanti; R. Aalizadeh; N. Alygizakis; A. Galani; M. Mardal; N.S. Thomaidis. Wide-scope target and suspect screening methodologies to investigate the occurrence of new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater from Athens. Science of the Total Environment 685: 1058-1065 (2019).
  51. R. Bade; A. Abdelaziz; L. Nguyen; A.J. Pandopulos; J.M. Whie; C. Gerber. Determination of 21 synthetic cathinones, phenethylamines, amphetamines and opioids in influent wastewater using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 208: 1-8 (2020).
  52. P. Brandeburová; I. Bodik; I. Horáková; D. Zabka; S. Castiglioni; N. Salgueiro-González; E. Zuccato; V. Spalková; T. Mackulak. Wastewater-based epidemiology to assess the occurrence of new psychoactive substances and alcohol consumption in Slovakia. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 200: 1-8 (2020).
  53. A.B. Montgomery; C.E. O’Rourke; B. Subedi. Basketball and drugs: wastewater-based epidemiological estimation of discharged drugs during basketball games in Kentucky. Science of the Total Environment 752: 1-7 (2021).
  54. R. Bade; J.M. White; L. Nguyen; B.J. Tscharke; J.F. Mueller; J.W. O’Brien; K.V. Thomas; C. Gerber. Determining changes in new psychoactive substance use in Australia by wastewater analysis. Science of the Total Environment 731: 1-9 (2020).
  55. A. Sulej-Suchomska; A. Klupczynska; P. Derezi´nski; J. Matysiak; P. Przybylowski; Z.J. Kokot. Urban wastewater analysis ans an effective tool for monitoring illegal drugs, including new psychoactive substances, in the Eastern European region. Nature Research 10: 1-12 (2020).
  56. L. Bijlsma; A. Celma; S. Castiglioni; N. Salgueiro-González; L. Bou-Iserte; J.A. Baz-Lomba; M.J. Reid; M.J. Dias; A. Lopes; J. Matias; L. Pastor-Alcañiz; J. Radonit; M.T. Sekulic; T. Shine; A.L.N. Van Nuijs; F. Hernandez; E. Zuccato. Monitoring psychoactive substance use at six European festivals through wastewater and pooled urine analysis. Science of The Total Environment 725: 1-10 (2020).
  57. C.E. O’Rourke; B. Subedi. Occurrence and mass loading of synthetic opioids, synthetic cathinones, and synthetic cannabinoids in wastewater treatment plants in four U.S. communities. Environ Sci Technol 54: 6661-6670 (2020).
  58. R. Bade; J.M. White; C. Gerber. How the recreational stimulant market has changed: case study in Adelaide, Australia 2016-2019. Science of the Total Environment 757: 1-8 (2021).
  59. P. Du; X. Liu; G. Zhong; Z. Zhou; M.W. Thomes; C.W. Lee; C.W. Bong; X. Zhang; F. Hao; X. Li; G. Zhang; P.K. Thai. Monitoring consumption of common illicit drugs in kuala lumpur, Malaysis, by wastewater-cased epidemiology. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 17: 1-12 (2020).
  60. S. Castiglioni; N. Salgueiro-González; L. Bijlsma; A. CELMA; E. Gracia-Lor; M. Beldean-Galea; T. Mackulak; E. Emke; E. Heath; B. Kasprzyk-Hordern; A. Petkovic; F. Poretti; J. Rangelov; M. M. Santos; M. Sremacki; K. Styszko; F. Hernández; E. Zuccato. New psychoactive substances in several European populations assessed by wastewater-based epidemiology. Water Research 195: 1-9 (2021).
  61. J. Brett; K.J. Siefried; A. Healey; M.E. Harrod; E. Franklin; M.J. Barratt; J. Masters; L. Nguyen; S. Adiraju; C. Gerber. Wastewater analysis for psychoactive substances at music festivals across New South Wales, Australia in 2019-2020. Clinical Toxicology 60: 440-445 (2022).
  62. T.X. Shao; H. Yu; J.G. Lin; X.P. Kong; Z. Wang; D.G. Wang. Presence of the ketamine analog of 2-fluorodeschloroketamine residues in wastewater. Drug Test. Anal. 13: 1650-1657 (2021).
  63. L. Bijlsma; Y. Picó; V. Andreu; A. Celma; Estévez-Danta; I. González-Mariño; F. Hernández; M.L. Alda; E. López-García; R.M. Marcé; M. Miró; R. Montes;U.P.S. Román-Landa; E. Pitarch; E. Pocurull; C. Postigo; A. Prieto; A. Rico; R. Rodil; Y. Valcárcel; M. Ventura; J.B. Quintana. The embodiment of wastewater data for the estimation of illicit drug consumption in Spain. Science of the Total Environment 772: 1-13 (2021).
  64. Q. Zeng; Y. R; Z. Wang; J. Liu; Y. Zhang; W. Lin; J. Gao; K.V. Thomas; P.K. Thai. Assessing patterns of illicit drug use in a Chinese city by analyzing daily wastewater samples over a one-year period. Journal of Hazardous Materials 417: 1-8 (2021).
  65. T. Boogaerts; M. Quireyns; F. Maes; M. Laimou-Geraniou; N.V. Wichelen; E. Hearth; B. Pussig; B. Aertgeerts; A. Covaci; A.L.N. Van Nuijs. Optimization, validation and application of a high-throughput 96-well elution protocol for the quantification of psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Drug Testing and Analysis 240: 240-246 (2023).
  66. BADE, R.; BAGLESHAM, G.; SHIMKO, K.M.; MUELLER, J. Quantification of new psychoactive substances in Australian wastewater utilizing direct injection liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta. v. 251, p. 1-8, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123767
  67. N. Salgueiro-González; E. Zuccato; S. Castiglioni. Nationwide investigation on the use of new psychoactive substances in Italy through urban wastewater analysis. Science of the Total Environment 843: 1-9 (2022).
  68. X. Li; L. Feng; X. Fan; J. Huang; Y. Du. Wastewater-based monitoring of 2-fluoro-deschloroketamine abuse from 2019 to 2021 in a southern Chinese province. Science of the Total Environment 826: 1-9 (2022).
  69. T. Verovsek; A. Celma; D. Heath; E. Heath; F. Hernández; L. Bijlsma. Screening for new psychoactive substances in wastewater from educational institutions. Environmental Research 237: 1-7 (2023).
  70. R. Bade; N. Rousis; S. Adhikari; C. Baduel; L. Bijlsma; B. Bizani; T. Boogaerts; D.A. Bugard; S. Castiglioni; A. Chappell; A. Covaci; E.M. Driver; F.F. Sodre; D. Fatta-Kassinos; A. Galani; C. Gerber; E. Gracia-Lor; E. Gracia-Marín; R.U. Halden; E. Hearth; F. Hernandez; E. Jaunay; F.Y. Lai; H.J. Lee; M. Laimou-Geraniou; J.E. Oh; K. Olafsdottir; K. Phung; M.P. Castro; M. Psichoudaki; X. Shao; N. Salgueiro-Gonzalez; R.S. Feitosa; C.S. Gomes; B. Subedi; A.S.C. Löve; N. Thomaidis; D. Tran; A. Van Nuijs; T. Verovsk; D. Wang; J.M. White; V. Yargeau; E. Zuccato; J.F. Mueller. Three years of wastewater surveillance for new psychoactive substances from 16 countries. Water Research X 19: 1-10 (2023).
  71. Y.C. Chen; J.Y. Hsu; C.W. Chang; P.Y. Chen; Y.C. Lin; I.L. Hsu; C.J. Chu; Y.P. Lin; P.C. Liao. Investigation of the New Psychoactive Substances (NPS), other illicit drugs, and drug-related compounds in a Taiwanese wastewater sample using high-resolution mass-spectrometry-based targeted and suspect screening. Molecules 28: 1-10 (2023).
  72. R. Bade; G. Eaglesham; K.M. Shimko; J. Mueller. Quantification of new psychoactive substances in Australian wastewater utilizing direct injection liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 251: 1-8 (2023).
  73. N. Rousis; R. Bade; I. Romero-Sanchez; J.F. Mueller; N.S. Thomaidis; K.V. Thomas; E. Gracia-Lor. Festivals following the easing of COVID-19 restrictions: prevalence of new psychoactive substances and illicit drugs. Environment International 178: 1-8 (2023).
  74. B. Moslah; O. Smaoui; M.A. Nouioui; M. Araoud; N. Chaouali; M. Laribi; D. Amira; N.B. Salah; A. Hedhili. Sewage analysis as an alternative tool for assessing drug of abuse and new psychoactive substances in Tunisia. Forensic Science International 347: 1-11, (2023).
  75. I. Senta; I. Krizman-Matasic; P. Kostanjevecki; I. Gonzalez-Mariño; R. Rodil; J.B. Quintana; I. Mikac; S. Terzic; M. Ahel. Assessing the impact of a major electronic music festival on the consumption patterns of illicit and licit psychoactive substances in a Mediterranean city using wastewater analysis. Science of the Total Environment 892: 1-10 (2023).
  76. N. Salgueiro-Gonzalez; F. Béen; L. Bijlsma; T. Boogaerts; A. Covaci; J.A. Baz-Lomba; B. Kasprzyk-Hordem; J. Matias; C. Ort; I. Bodik; E. Heath; K. Styszko; E. Emke; F. Hernández; A.L.N. Van Nuijs; S. Castiglioni. Influent wastewater analysis to investigate emerging trends of new psychoactive substances use in Europe. Water Research 254: 1-11 (2024).
  77. R. Bade; D. Van Herwerden; N. Rousis; S. Adhikari; D. Allen; C. Baduel; L. Bijlsma; T. Boogaerts; D. Bugard; A. Chappell; E.M. Driver; F.F. Sobre; D. Fatta-Kassinos; E. Gracia-Lor; E. Gracia-Marín; R.U. Halden; E. Heath; E. Jaunay; A. Krotulski; F.Y. Lai; A.S.C.; Löve; J.W. O’Brien; J.E. Oh; D. Pasin; M.P. Castro; M. Psichoudaki; N. Salgueiro-Gonzalez; C.S. Gomes; B. Subedi; K.V. Thomas; N. Thomaidis; D. Wang; V. Yargeau; S. Samanipour; J. Mueller. Workflow to facilitate the detection of new psychoactive substances and drugs of abuse in influent urban wastewater. Journal of Hazardous Materials 469: 1-11 (2024).
  78. T.T. Ting; P.C. Chen; Y.C. Chang; P.J. Chang; H.C. Li; S.H. Chen; P.C. Chen; H.T. Chu; P.Y. Chuang; Y.H. Liu; P.S. Chen. Wastwater-based epidemiology to monitor 68 NPS/conventional drug use in Taipei metropolitan area in Taiwan during and after COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Hazardous Materials 476: 1-13 (2024).
  79. D. Nadarajan; J. O’Brien; S. Cresswel; B. Kele; J. Mueller; R. Bade. Application of design of experiment for quantification of 71 new psychoactive substances in influent wastewater. Analytica Chimica Acta 1321: 1-14 (2024).
  80. R. Bade; D. Nadarajan; E.M. Driver; R.U. Halden; C. Gerber; A. Krotulski; W. Hall; J.F. Mueller. Wastewater-based monitoring of the nitazene analogues: first detection of protonitazene in wastewater. Science of the Total Environment 920: 1-4 (2024).
  81. H. Wang; T. Huo; H. Tao; H. Yang. Monitoring the dynamics of ketamine analogues use in China through wastewater analysis: the emergence of 2-FDCNEK e 2-MDCK. Science of the Total Environment 957: 1-8 (2024).
  82. ANVISA, Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Relatório de Atividades 2015/2016. Grupo de Trabalho para Classificação de Substâncias Controladas. Portaria n° 898/2015. p. 7. 2017. Retirado em 10/10/2024, de https://www.gov.br/anvisa/pt-br/assuntos/medicamentos/controlados/novas-substancias/arquivos/6668json-file-1
  83. UNODC - United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (2021). Global Smart Update - Regional diversity and the impact of scheduling on NPS trends. Retirado em 27/11/2024, de https://www.unodc.org/documents/scientific/GlobalSMART_25_web.pdf
  84. EUROPEAN UNION DRUGS AGENCY (EMCDDA). European Drug Report: Trends and Developments. Officie for Official Publications of the European Communities, Lisbon, Luxembourg, 2019. Retirado em 27/11/2024, de https://www.drugsandalcohol.ie/30619/1/EMCDDA_2019.pdf
  85. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP) – Polícia Federal (PF). Drogas sintéticas – Relatório 2021. 2021. Retirado em 19/09/2024, de https://www.gov.br/pf/pt-br/acesso-a-informacao/acoes-e-programas/relatorio-de-quimica-forense/relatorio-de-quimica-forense-2021/relatorio_drogas_sinteticas_2021___versao_final___revisado_ljm___edb_assinado_assinado.pdf
  86. J.R.H. Archer; S. Hudson; D.M. Wood; P.I. Dargan. Analysis of urine from pooled urinals – a novel method for the detection of novel psychoactive substances. Curr. Drug Abuse Rev 6: 86-90 (2013).
  87. J.L. Rourke; C.J. Sinal. Biotransformation/metabolismo. Encyclopedia of Toxicology 3: 490-502 (2014).
  88. S. Otles; V.H. Özyurt. Biotransformation in the production of secondary metabolites. Studies in Natural Products Chemistry 68: 435-457 (2021).
  89. M. Yousuf; W. Jamil; K. Mammadova. Microbial Bioconversion: A régio-specific method for novel durg design and toxicological study of metabolites. Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology 20: 1156-1162 (2019).
  90. K.E. Grafinger; A. Wilke; S. König; W. Weinmann. Investigating the ability of the microbial model Cunninghamella elegans for the metabolism of synthetic tryptamines. Drug Test. Anal 11: 721-729 (2019).
  91. E.G. Campos; O.G.G. Almeida; B.S. De Martinis; E.C.P. De Martinis. Cocaíne esterase occurence in global wastewater microbiomes and potential for biotransformation of novel psychoactive substances. Environmental microbiology reports 14: 98-109 (2022).
  92. F.Y. Lai; C. Erratico; J. Kinyua; J.F. Mueller; A. Covaci; A.L.N. Van Nuijs. Liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry for screening in vitro drug metabolites in humans: investigation on seven phenethylamine-based designer drugs. Journal of Pharmaceutica and Biomedical Analysis 114: 355-375 (2015).
  93. M. Mardal; B. Miserez; R. Bade; T. Portolés; M. Bischoff; F. Hernández; M.R. Meyer. 3-Fluorophenmetrazine, a fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine: studies on in vivo metabolism in rat and human, in vitro metabolism in human CYP isoenzymes and microbial biotransformation in Pseudomonas Putida and wastewater using GC and LC coupled to (HR)-MS techniques. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 128: 485-495 (2016).
  94. J. Kinyua; N. Nogreira; A.K. Mccall; T. Boogaerts; C. Ort; A. Covaci; A.L.N. Van Nuijs. Investigating in-sewer transformation products formed from synthetic cathinones and phenethylamines using liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Science of the Environment 634: 331-340 (2018).
  95. N. Verma; N. Arya; V. Singh. Solid-phase microextraction. In: JAIN, R.; KABIR, A. Green Analytical Methods and Miniaturized Sample Preparation Techniques for Forensic Drug Analysis. Elsevier (2024).
  96. L. Bijlsma; R. Bade; F. Been; A. Celma; S. Castiglioni. Perspectives and challenges associated with the determination of new psychoactive substances in urine and wastewater – a tutorial. Analytica Chimica Acta1 145: 132-147 (2021).
  97. W.R. Barrionuevo; F.M. Lanças. Extração em fase sólida (SPE) e micro extração em fase sólida (SPME) de piretróides em água. Quím. Nova 24: 172-175 (2001).
  98. C. Ort; L. Bijlsma; S. Castiglioni; A. Covaci; P. de Voogt; E. Emke; F. Hernández; M. Reid; A.L.N. Van Nuijs; K.V. Thomas; B. Kasprzyk-Hordern. Wastewater Analysis for Community-Wide Drugs Use Assessment. In: H.H. Maurer; S.D. Brandt. New Psychoactive Substances: Pharmacology, Clinical, Forensic and Analytical Toxicology Springer 543-566 (2018).
  99. C.H. Collins. Princípios básicos de cromatografia. In: C.H. Collins; G.L. Braga; P.S. Bonato. Introdução à métodos cromatográficos. Editora da UNICAMP11-28 (1997).
  100. PRISMA. Retirado em 05/10/2025, de https://www.prisma-statement.org/
  101. N. Salgueiro-Gonzalez; F. Béen; L. Bijlsma; T. Boogaerts; A. Covaci; J.A. Baz-Lomba; B. Kasprzyk-Horden; J. Matias; C. Ort; I. Bodík; E. Hearth; K. Styszko; E. Emke; F. Hernández; A. Nuijs; S. Castiglioni. Influent wastewater analysis to investigate emerging trends of new psychoactive substances use in Europe. Water Research 254: 1-11 (2024).

Creative Commons License

Αυτή η εργασία είναι αδειοδοτημένη υπό το CC Αναφορά Δημιουργού – Μη Εμπορική Χρήση – Παρόμοια Διανομή 4.0.

Πνευματική ιδιοκτησία (c) 2026 Revista Brasileira de Criminalística

Μερίδιο

Κατεβάστε

Συγγραφέας (ες)

Τα περισσότερο διαβασμένα άρθρα του ίδιου συγγραφέα(s)