Análogos da falácia do advogado e do promotor no teste de paternidade

Abigail Marcelino dos Santos Silva; Valdir de Queiroz Balbino; Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz; Rodrigo Soares de Moura Neto

doi:10.15260/rbc.v13i3.784

Análogos de la falacia del abogado y el fiscal en las pruebas de paternidad

Vol. 13 Núm. 3 (2024)
64-71
19/09/2023
10/10/2024
10.15260/rbc.v13i3.784

Resumen

La falacia es un tema que cualquier genetista forense debe conocer, ya que su ocurrencia implica una tergiversación de la evidencia forense presentada ante el tribunal. Generalmente lo cometen abogados, fiscales, jurados y jueces, y puede confundir al genetista forense en su testimonio ante el tribunal, si no conoce los principios de interpretación de la evidencia. Las falacias más comunes son la del abogado y la del fiscal, que están bien abordadas en la literatura en relación con un tribunal penal en un caso forense de violencia como un asesinato, por ejemplo. Sin embargo, existe una deficiencia de análogos de estas falacias en los casos de paternidad forense. Este trabajo es una iniciativa para acercar este tema a la atención de las pruebas de paternidad, que se realizan en el ámbito civil y con menor frecuencia en el ámbito penal. En primer lugar, se abordarán aspectos generales de la estadística bayesiana y frecuentista sobre paternidad. Y luego con base en estos conceptos, las falacias más comunes: fiscal y abogado en los tribunales de casos de paternidad haciendo analogías con términos ya comunes en las falacias de los tribunales de casos penales. Se espera que este trabajo alerte al genetista forense sobre la posibilidad de una brecha en la comunicación con el tribunal y contribuya a su competencia para afrontar esta situación adversa al presentar pruebas forenses.

Citas

H.C. Lee; E.M. Pagliaro. Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation. J Forensic Investigation 1(1): 5 (2013).
T. Tvedebrink; J. Bright; J.S. Buckleton; J.M. Curran; N. Morling. The effect of wild card designations and rare alleles in forensic DNA database searches. Forensic Science International: Genetics 16: 98–104 (2015).
I.W. Evett; B.S. WEIR. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists, Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap. 2 e 9.
J. Buckleton; T. Clayton; C. Triggs. Parentage Testing, in: Buckleton, J. S., Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. J (eds.), Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation, CRC Press, United States of America (2005).
I.W. Evett; B.S. Weir. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists, Sunderland: Sinauer, United States of America (1998) cap. 1.
E. Essen-Möller. Die Beweiskraft der Ähnlichkeit im Vaterschaftsnachweis. Theoretische Grundlagen, Mitteilungen der Anthropologische Gesellschaft (Wien) 68: 9-53 (1938).
T. Egeland; B. Kulle; R. Andreassen. Essen-Möller and identification based on DNA, Chance 19 (2): 27-31 (2006).
D.W. Gjertson; C.H. Brenner; M.P. Baur; A. Carracedo; F. Guidet; J.A. Luque; R. Lessig; R. Mayr; V.L. Pascali; M. Prinz; P.M. Schneider; N. Morling. ISFG: Recommendations on biostatistics in paternity testing. Forensic Science International: Genetics 1(3): 223-231 (2007).
M.S. Schanfield. Parentage Testing, in: Siegel, J.; Saukko, P. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Academic Press, London (2000).
W.K. Fung; Y.-Q. Hu. DNA: Statistical Analysis, in: Payne-James, J. & Byard, R. W. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Elsever: Second Edition, United States of America (2016).
M. Bodner; I. Bastisch; J.M. Butler; R. Fimmers; P. Gill; L. Gusmão; N. Morling; C. Phillips; M. Prinz; P.M. Schneider; W. Parson. Recommendations of the DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) on quality control of autosomal Short Tandem Repeat allele frequency databasing (STRidER). Forensic science international: Genetics 24: 97–102 (2016).
N. Rasool; W. Hussain. ForeStatistics: A windows-based feature-rich software program for performing statistics in Forensic DNA analysis, Paternity and relationship testing. Forensic Science International 307: 110142 (2020).
J.C. Lee; L. Tsai; A. Linacre; H. Hsieh. Distribution of paternity index and random man not excluded values from a simulated parentage testing study. Forensic Science Journal .9(1): 9-18 (2010).
W. K. FUNG; Y. CHUNG; D. WONG. Power of exclusion revisited: probability of excluding relatives of the true father from paternity. International Journal of Legal Medicine 116(2): 64-67 (2002).
J. BUCKLETON; S. WASH. Comment on presentation of DNA data in cases of disputed paternity by Barry Boettcher. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 37: 37-40 (2005).
B.S. Weir. Box 7.1, Chapter 07, in: DNA evidence Forensic Interpretation. J. Buckleton, J. S., Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. (eds.), CRC Press, United States of America (2005) 220-221.
W. EVETT; B.S. WEIR. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists. Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap.3.
M. Kayser. Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview. Hum Genet 136: 621–635 (2017).
U.A. Perego; M. Bodner; A. Raveane; S.R. Woodward; F. Montinaro; W. Parson; A. Achilli. Resolving a 150-year-old paternity case in Mormon history using DTC autosomal DNA testing of distant relatives. Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 1-7 (2019).
B. Boettcher. Presentation Of Dna Data In Cases Of Disputed Paternity. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 31: 89-90 (2002).
W.C. Thompson; E.L. Schumann. Interpretation of statistical evidence in criminal trials -The prosecutors fallacy and the defence attorneys fallacy. Law and Human Behavior ZZ: 167-187 (1987).
W. Evett; B.S. Weir. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists. Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap. 9.
J.A. Buckleton. Framework for Interpreting Evidence, in: Buckleton, J. S.; Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. J (eds.), Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation, CRC Press, 2005.
C.C. Li; A. Chakravarti. Basic Fallacies in the Formulation of the Paternity Index. Am J Hum Genet 37: 809-818 (1985).
C.C. Li; A. Chakravarti. Some Fallacious Thinking About The Paternity Index: A Reply To Dr. Jack Valentin S Comments. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38(4): 586-589 (1986).
J. Valentin. Some Fallacious Thinking About The Paternity Index. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38(4): 582-589 (1986).
M. Aickin. Some fallacies in the computation of paternity probabilities. American journal of human genetics 36(4): 904–915 (1984).
J. Valentin. Exclusions and Attributions of Paternity: Practical Experiences of Forensic Genetics and Statistics. Am J Hum Genet 32: 420 - 431 (1980).
Z. Grubic; K. Stingl; N. Martinez; B. Palfi; V. Brkljacic-Kerhin; A. Kastelan. STR and HLA analysis in paternity testing. International Congress Series 1261: 535– 537 (2004).

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Autor(es)

Abigail Marcelino dos Santos Silva,

Valdir de Queiroz Balbino,

Maria Tereza Cartaxo Muniz,

Rodrigo Soares de Moura Neto,

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[1] H.C. Lee; E.M. Pagliaro. Forensic Evidence and Crime Scene Investigation. J Forensic Investigation 1(1): 5 (2013).

[2] T. Tvedebrink; J. Bright; J.S. Buckleton; J.M. Curran; N. Morling. The effect of wild card designations and rare alleles in forensic DNA database searches. Forensic Science International: Genetics 16: 98–104 (2015).

[3] I.W. Evett; B.S. WEIR. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists, Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap. 2 e 9.

[4] J. Buckleton; T. Clayton; C. Triggs. Parentage Testing, in: Buckleton, J. S., Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. J (eds.), Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation, CRC Press, United States of America (2005).

[5] I.W. Evett; B.S. Weir. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists, Sunderland: Sinauer, United States of America (1998) cap. 1.

[6] E. Essen-Möller. Die Beweiskraft der Ähnlichkeit im Vaterschaftsnachweis. Theoretische Grundlagen, Mitteilungen der Anthropologische Gesellschaft (Wien) 68: 9-53 (1938).

[7] T. Egeland; B. Kulle; R. Andreassen. Essen-Möller and identification based on DNA, Chance 19 (2): 27-31 (2006).

[8] D.W. Gjertson; C.H. Brenner; M.P. Baur; A. Carracedo; F. Guidet; J.A. Luque; R. Lessig; R. Mayr; V.L. Pascali; M. Prinz; P.M. Schneider; N. Morling. ISFG: Recommendations on biostatistics in paternity testing. Forensic Science International: Genetics 1(3): 223-231 (2007).

[9] M.S. Schanfield. Parentage Testing, in: Siegel, J.; Saukko, P. (eds.), Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Academic Press, London (2000).

[10] W.K. Fung; Y.-Q. Hu. DNA: Statistical Analysis, in: Payne-James, J. & Byard, R. W. (eds.) Encyclopedia of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Elsever: Second Edition, United States of America (2016).

[11] M. Bodner; I. Bastisch; J.M. Butler; R. Fimmers; P. Gill; L. Gusmão; N. Morling; C. Phillips; M. Prinz; P.M. Schneider; W. Parson. Recommendations of the DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) on quality control of autosomal Short Tandem Repeat allele frequency databasing (STRidER). Forensic science international: Genetics 24: 97–102 (2016).

[12] N. Rasool; W. Hussain. ForeStatistics: A windows-based feature-rich software program for performing statistics in Forensic DNA analysis, Paternity and relationship testing. Forensic Science International 307: 110142 (2020).

[13] J.C. Lee; L. Tsai; A. Linacre; H. Hsieh. Distribution of paternity index and random man not excluded values from a simulated parentage testing study. Forensic Science Journal .9(1): 9-18 (2010).

[14] W. K. FUNG; Y. CHUNG; D. WONG. Power of exclusion revisited: probability of excluding relatives of the true father from paternity. International Journal of Legal Medicine 116(2): 64-67 (2002).

[15] J. BUCKLETON; S. WASH. Comment on presentation of DNA data in cases of disputed paternity by Barry Boettcher. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 37: 37-40 (2005).

[16] B.S. Weir. Box 7.1, Chapter 07, in: DNA evidence Forensic Interpretation. J. Buckleton, J. S., Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. (eds.), CRC Press, United States of America (2005) 220-221.

[17] W. EVETT; B.S. WEIR. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists. Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap.3.

[18] M. Kayser. Forensic use of Y-chromosome DNA: a general overview. Hum Genet 136: 621–635 (2017).

[19] U.A. Perego; M. Bodner; A. Raveane; S.R. Woodward; F. Montinaro; W. Parson; A. Achilli. Resolving a 150-year-old paternity case in Mormon history using DTC autosomal DNA testing of distant relatives. Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 1-7 (2019).

[20] B. Boettcher. Presentation Of Dna Data In Cases Of Disputed Paternity. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 31: 89-90 (2002).

[21] W.C. Thompson; E.L. Schumann. Interpretation of statistical evidence in criminal trials -The prosecutors fallacy and the defence attorneys fallacy. Law and Human Behavior ZZ: 167-187 (1987).

[22] W. Evett; B.S. Weir. Interpreting DNA evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists. Sinauer Associates, United States of America (1998) cap. 9.

[23] J.A. Buckleton. Framework for Interpreting Evidence, in: Buckleton, J. S.; Triggs, C. M., Walsh, S. J (eds.), Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation, CRC Press, 2005.

[24] C.C. Li; A. Chakravarti. Basic Fallacies in the Formulation of the Paternity Index. Am J Hum Genet 37: 809-818 (1985).

[25] C.C. Li; A. Chakravarti. Some Fallacious Thinking About The Paternity Index: A Reply To Dr. Jack Valentin S Comments. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38(4): 586-589 (1986).

[26] J. Valentin. Some Fallacious Thinking About The Paternity Index. Am. J. Hum. Genet. 38(4): 582-589 (1986).

[27] M. Aickin. Some fallacies in the computation of paternity probabilities. American journal of human genetics 36(4): 904–915 (1984).

[28] J. Valentin. Exclusions and Attributions of Paternity: Practical Experiences of Forensic Genetics and Statistics. Am J Hum Genet 32: 420 - 431 (1980).

[29] Z. Grubic; K. Stingl; N. Martinez; B. Palfi; V. Brkljacic-Kerhin; A. Kastelan. STR and HLA analysis in paternity testing. International Congress Series 1261: 535– 537 (2004).