DNA barcoding e mini-barcoding na rotina forense: avaliação da viabilidade e da eficácia das técnicas na identificação de espécies animais em amostras degradadas

Resumo

Apesar de os protocolos e técnicas de identificação genética de espécies animais terem avançado muito rapidamente no meio acadêmico, sua aplicação pelos órgãos oficiais de criminalística brasileiros ainda é restrita. A fim de avaliar a viabilidade e a eficácia das técnicas de DNA barcoding e mini-barcoding na identificação genética de espécies animais no contexto forense, 23 amostras antigas, degradadas ou armazenadas de forma não ideal, de identidade conhecida, foram selecionadas para este estudo. As etapas de extração do DNA, amplificação e sequenciamento foram realizadas de forma linear e sem repetições para cada uma das duas técnicas. Foram utilizados primers universais de barcode e de mini-barcode do gene citocromo c oxidase I (COI), que permitissem ampla abrangência dos diversos grupos de vertebrados. As sequências obtidas foram confrontadas com aquelas depositadas no banco de dados do Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). As técnicas permitiram a identificação de aproximadamente 78% (18 de 23) das amostras. A taxa de identificação correta foi mais elevada com o uso dos mini-barcodes, embora a eficácia das técnicas tenha variado de acordo com o tipo de material analisado. Os resultados obtidos contribuem para mostrar a viabilidade de incorporação das técnicas testadas nas rotinas dos laboratórios forenses brasileiros, uma vez que os equipamentos e grande parte dos insumos são os mesmos utilizados para a já habitual identificação humana.

Palavras-chave

DNA barcoding
mini-barcoding
cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI)
forensic genetic
species identification
DNA barcoding
mini-barcoding
citocromo c oxidase I (COI)
genética forense
identificação de espécies animais

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