Canabinoides sintéticos: uma revisão sobre a interação biológica no organismo e as técnicas de detecção e quantificação utilizadas

Аннотация

Este trabalho apresenta uma revisão de literatura dos principais métodos utilizados na detecção de Canabinoides Sintéticos (CS) em matrizes biológicas e materiais apreendidos, levando em consideração o crescimento do comércio e utilização dessas substâncias por uma parte considerável da população, sua ligação ao Sistema Endocanabinoide e seus efeitos toxicodinâmicos. Foram abordadas técnicas instrumentais, como a Cromatografia Gasosa e Líquida acopladas à Espectrometria de Massas (GC-MS, LC-MS/MS), consideradas padrão-ouro na identificação e quantificação desses compostos. Discutem-se ainda métodos alternativos, como a Espectrometria de Massa em Tempo Real (DART-MS) ou a Fotoionização de Pressão Atmosférica de Dessorção (APPI-DS), bem como técnicas de triagem, a exemplo de ensaios colorimétricos e imunoensaios, apesar de suas limitações quanto à especificidade. O preparo das amostras biológicas - fluido oral, sangue, urina, cabelo e amostras autopsiadas - é destacado como etapa crucial no processo analítico, juntamente ao conhecimento dos metabólitos dos CS. Dentre as dificuldades enfrentadas, destacam-se as constantes alterações estruturais dessas substâncias, a necessidade de atualização de bancos de dados e a carência de padrões analíticos. Conclui-se que a combinação de métodos e o contínuo desenvolvimento de abordagens analíticas são fundamentais para a detecção eficaz dos CS no âmbito da toxicologia forense.

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