Abstract
DNA analyses are important in criminal investigations because they are often decisive tools for establishing authorship and material evidence. However, due to the complexity and multiple stages involved in these examinations, this process may be subject to variations in measurement systems that, depending on the degree of variability, can compromise laboratory results and, consequently, case resolution. To ensure the reliability of their services, laboratories adopt measures such as accreditation to certify technical competence and the quality of results generated through analytical processing. ISO/IEC 17025 is one of the main international standards adopted by forensic laboratories, in which calibration is among the most important requirements, as it ensures that instruments operate accurately under specific parameters. Furthermore, the selection of critical equipment requiring calibration promotes greater efficiency in laboratory processes, assisting in resource allocation and reducing operational costs. Based on this premise, the present study aimed to conduct a literature review on basic concepts related to quality management systems and metrology to establish a theoretical foundation on the topic, in addition to reviewing official documents addressing calibration and critical equipment used in Forensic Genetics, in order to support forensic laboratories in adopting measures aimed at compliance with the NBR ISO/IEC 17025 Standard. It was observed that defining a laboratory workflow and identifying the equipment used are among the first steps in determining items considered critical for DNA testing procedures. Analysis of quality management system documents issued by international organizations related to Forensic Genetics laboratories showed that among the equipment used in sample processing, items most frequently considered critical included micropipettes, robotic DNA extraction systems, thermocyclers, and genetic analyzers. The results obtained may help Brazilian forensic laboratories establish guidelines regarding minimum requirements necessary for implementing calibration procedures for critical instruments, considering that specific national regulations addressing this issue are not yet available.