Métodos colorimétricos para a detecção de drogas ilícitas: do clássico ao contemporâneo - uma revisão

Resumo

Centenas de substâncias psicoativas inéditas são identificadas por ano em escala global. Estas substâncias são classificadas como Novas Substâncias Psicoativas (NSP) e se originam da alteração da estrutura química de drogas ilícitas já existentes. Com o aumento significante de substâncias, faz-se necessário a pesquisa e desenvolvimento de métodos de detecção de rápida aplicação e baixo custo. Esse artigo de revisão apresenta os métodos colorimétricos clássicos e contemporâneos para detecção das drogas apreendidas em escala nacional, de 2015 a 2020, e estadual de 2008 a 2017. Os testes colorimétricos consolidados para drogas clássicas apresentam resultados promissores para detecção de novas substâncias psicoativas, além disso, novos métodos foram desenvolvidos para detecção com maior especificidade e sensibilidade dessas substâncias. Dessa forma, o desenvolvimento e adaptação de métodos colorimétricos são uma proposta apropriada para detecção e direcionamento para identificação de drogas ilícitas clássicas e contemporâneas.

Palavras-chave

illicit drugs
new psychoactive substances
color tests
Drogas ilícitas
novas substâncias psicoativas
métodos colorimétricos

Referências

  1. M.A. Schuckit. Drug and Alcohol Abuse: A Clinical Guide to Diagnosis and Treatment. Springer Science & Business Media, United States of America (2006) 6-10.
  2. T. Kolind, B. Thom, G. Hunt. The SAGE Handbook of Drug & Alcohol Studies: Social Science Approaches. SAGE Publications, England (2017) 135-163.
  3. UNODC. NPS New Psychoactive Substances. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Austria (2020).
  4. UNODC. Drug Market Trends: Cocaine, Amphetamine-Type Stimulants, New Psychoactive Substances. United Nations Publications, Unites States of America (2022) 87-103.
  5. A. Peacock et al. New psychoactive substances: challenges for drug surveillance, control, and public health responses. The Lancet 394: 1668–1684 (2019).
  6. S. Graziano et al. Screening Methods for Rapid Determination of New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) in Conventional and Non-Conventional Biological Matrices. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis 163: 170-179 (2019).
  7. Ministério da Saúde/SNVS. Portaria n° 344 de 12 de maio de 1998. Aprova o Regulamento Técnico sobre substâncias e medicamentos sujeitos a controle especial. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brazil (1998).
  8. Ministério da Saúde/ANVISA. Resolução nº 11 de 6 de março de 2013. Dispõe sobre a importação de substâncias sujeitas a controle especial e dos medicamentos que as contenham. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil, Brazil (2013).
  9. R. Wolstenholme, S. Jickells; S. Forbes. Analytical Techniques in Forensic Science. Wiley, United States of America (2021) 51-68.
  10. G. Musile et al. The development of paper microfluidic devices for presumptive drug detection. Analytical Methods 19: 8025–8033 (2015).
  11. UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE DRUG ENFORCEMENT ADMINISTRATION. Scientific Working Group For The Analysis Of Seized Drugs (SWGDRUG) Recommendations. SWGDRUG, United States of America (2019) 14-19.
  12. MJSP-PF. Relatório 2018: Drogas Sintéticas. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Polícia Federal, Brazil (2019).
  13. MJSP-PF. Relatório 2019: Drogas Sintéticas. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Polícia Federal, Brazil (2020).
  14. MJSP-PF. Relatório 2020: Drogas Sintéticas. Ministério da Justiça e Segurança Pública. Polícia Federal, Brazil (2021).
  15. Y. Machado et al. Profile of new psychoactive substances (NPS) and other synthetic drugs in seized materials analysed in a Brazilian forensic laboratory. Forensic Toxicology 7: 265–271 (2018).
  16. E.B. Russo. History of Cannabis and Its Preparations in Saga, Science, and Sobriquet. Chemistry & Biodiversity 4: 1614–1648 (2007).
  17. J.P. Connor et al. Cannabis use and cannabis use disorder. Nature Reviews Disease Primers 7: 16 (2021).
  18. K.A. Aliferis; D. Bernard-perron. Cannabinomics: Application of Metabolomics in Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) Research and Development. Frontiers in Plant Science 11: 554 (2020).
  19. N.A. Santos; W. Romão. Cannabis – A state of the art about the millenary plant: Part I. Forensic Chemistry 32: 100470 (2023).
  20. T. Gülck, B.L. Møller. Phytocannabinoids: Origins and Biosynthesis. Trends in Plant Science 25: 985–1004 (2020).
  21. L.O. Hanuš et al. Phytocannabinoids: a unified critical inventory. Natural Product Reports 33: 1357–1392 (2016).
  22. P.B. Sampson. Phytocannabinoid Pharmacology: Medicinal Properties of Cannabis sativa Constituents Aside from the “Big Two”. Journal of Natural Products 84: 142–160 (2020).
  23. D.M. Lambert, C.J. Fowler. The Endocannabinoid System: Drug Targets, Lead Compounds, and Potential Therapeutic Applications. Journal of Medicinal Chemistry 48: 5059–5087 (2005).
  24. D. Piomelli, A. M. Tagne, A. Endocannabinoid-Based Therapies. Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 62: 483–507 (2022).
  25. B. Rezende et al. Endocannabinoid System: Chemical Characteristics and Biological Activity. Pharmaceuticals 16: 148 (2023).
  26. B. Mills, A. Yepes, K. Nugent. Synthetic Cannabinoids. The American Journal of the Medical Sciences 350: 59–62 (2015).
  27. M. Spaderna, P.H. Addy, D.C. D’Souza. Spicing things up: synthetic cannabinoids. Psychopharmacology 228: 525–540 (2013).
  28. L. Karila et al. The Synthetic Cannabinoids Phenomenon. Current Pharmaceutical Design 22: 6420–6425 (2017).
  29. UNODC. Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of cannabis and cannabis products: manual for use by national drug analysis laboratories. United Nations, United States of America (2009) 32-41.
  30. UNODC. Recommended methods for the Identification and Analysis of Synthetic Cannabinoid Receptor Agonists in Seized Materials. United Nations, United States of America (2020) 47-89.
  31. H. Durmus et al. Colorimetric Determination of (Aminoalkyl)indole-containing Synthetic Cannabimimetics. Analytical Sciences 34: 1419–1425 (2018).
  32. R.C.A. Isaacs. A structure–reactivity relationship driven approach to the identification of a color test protocol for the presumptive indication of synthetic cannabimimetic drugs of abuse. Forensic Science International 242: 135–141 (2014).
  33. M.J. Valente et al. Khat and synthetic cathinones: a review. Archives of Toxicology 88: 15–45 (2013).
  34. J. Simmons et al. DARK Classics in Chemical Neuroscience: Cathinone-Derived Psychostimulants. ACS Chemical Neuroscience 9: 2379–2394, 1 mai. (2018).
  35. KELLY, J. P. Cathinone derivatives: A review of their chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology. Drug Testing and Analysis 3: 439–453 (2011).
  36. J. Soares et al. An updated review on synthetic cathinones. Archives of Toxicology 95: 2895–2940 (2021).
  37. UNODC. Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Synthetic Cathinones in Seized Materials. United Nations, United States of America (2020) 15-46.
  38. E. Cuypers, A.J. Bonneure, J. Tytgat. The use of presumptive color tests for new psychoactive substances. Drug Testing and Analysis 8: 136–140 (2016).
  39. A. Namera et al. Comprehensive review of the detection methods for synthetic cannabinoids and cathinones. Forensic Toxicology 33: 175–194 (2015).
  40. K.E. Toole et al. Color Tests for the Preliminary Identification of Methcathinone and Analogues of Methcathinone. Microgram Journal 9: 27-32 (2012).
  41. M. Philp et al. Color Spot Test as a Presumptive Tool for the Rapid Detection of Synthetic Cathinones. Journal of Visualized Experiments 132: 57045 (2018).
  42. S.L. Hill, S.H.L. Thomas. Clinical toxicology of newer recreational drugs. Clinical Toxicology 49: 705–719 (2011).
  43. B.V. Dean et al. 2C or Not 2C: Phenethylamine Designer Drug Review. Journal of Medical Toxicology 9: 172–178 (2013).
  44. M.D. Cole, C. Lea, N. Oxley. 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B): a review of the public domain literature. Science & Justice 42: 223–224 (2002).
  45. UNODC. Recommended Methods for Testing Peyote Cactus (mescal Buttons)/mescaline and Psilocybe Mushrooms/psilocybin. United Nations, United States of America (1989) 6-19.
  46. S. Gummadi, M. Kommoju. Colorimetric Approaches To Drug Analysis And Applications - A Review. American Journal of PharmTech Research 9: 14-37 (2019).
  47. L. Clancy et al. Development and validation of a color spot test method for the presumptive detection of 25‐NBOMe compounds. Drug Testing and Analysis 13: 929-943 (2019).
  48. A. de Fátima, C.C. Nascentes, M.P. Queiroz, L. Silva Neto. Uso do Ácido 2-iodoxibenzóico e Processo Para Identificação De Substâncias Psicoativas Da Classe Dos NBOH. 2020, Brasil. Patente: Privilégio de Inovação. Número do registro: BR1020200158783, Instituição de registro: INPI - Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial. Depósito: 04/08/2020.
  49. H.H. Sitte, M. Freissmuth. Amphetamines, new psychoactive drugs and the monoamine transporter cycle. Trends in Pharmacological Sciences 36: 41–50 (2015).
  50. UNODC. Recommended methods for the identification and analysis of amphetamine, methamphetamine and their ring-substituted analogues in seized materials. United Nations, United States of America (2006) 17-46.
  51. International Narcotics Control Board. List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control. United Nations publication. 33ª edição (2022)
  52. International Narcotics Control Board. List of Narcotic Drugs under International Control. United Nations publication. 61ª edição (2022)
  53. T.Y Pin et al. Presumptive Testing Of Amphetamine-Type Stimulants Via Colour Tests. ASEAN Journal on Science and Technology for Development, v. 27: 66-75 (2010).
  54. R. Tittarelli et al. Recreational Use, Analysis and Toxicity of Tryptamines. Current Neuropharmacology 13: 26–46 (2015).
  55. A.M. ARAÚJO et al. The hallucinogenic world of tryptamines: an updated review. Archives of Toxicology 89: 1151–1173 (2015).
  56. UNODC. Recommended Methods for Testing Lysergide (LSD). United Nations, United States of America (1989) 1-21.
  57. A. Namera et al. Colorimetric detection and chromatographic analyses of designer drugs in biological materials: a comprehensive review. Forensic Toxicology 29: 1–24 (2011).
  58. SPRATLEY, et al. Analytical Profiles for Five “Designer” Tryptamines. Microgram Journal 3: 54-68 (2005).
  59. M.D. Arbo, M.L. Bastos, H.F. Carmo. Piperazine compounds as drugs of abuse. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 122: 174–185 (2012).
  60. UNODC. Recommended Methods for the Identification and Analysis of Piperazines in Seized Materials. United Nations, United States of America (2013) 12-33.
  61. M. Philp et al. Development and validation of a presumptive colour spot test method for the detection of piperazine analogues in seized illicit materials. Analytical Methods 5: 5402-5410 (2013).
Creative Commons License

Este trabalho está licenciado sob uma licença Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Copyright (c) 2024 Revista Brasileira de Criminalística

Compartilhe

Download

PDF

Autor(es)